

The research, commissioned by the United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund (Unicef) and carried out by the American Institutes for Research (AIR), found that social grants for families with at least one young child had effects that amounted to a net benefit of 1.5 kwacha for each kwacha transferred, AIR said in a statement.
A second programme was aimed at households with fewer able-bodied people to farm due to the “missing generation” effect, which means there were fewer people in their 30s and 40s and disproportionately high numbers of adolescents and orphans cared for by widows and grandparents.

Besides eating more meals and building more reliable food reserves, families were found to have used the money to improve their housing, buy additional necessities for their children, acquire more livestock and reduce debt.
Notably, the two Zambian programmes were unconditional, providing small, consistent sums of money with no strings attached to how the cash was spent.
The results bucked general criticisms that cash transfers spark dependency. Rather, the discretionary approach was found to have empowered families, who used the grants to improve their living standards in ways that made sense given their individual circumstances.

“The unconditional approach worked,” said Stanfield Michelo, director of social welfare at Zambia’s Ministry of Community Development and Social Welfare. “And because it did the region is making positive strides.”
The evaluation of the child grant cash transfer programme lasted four years; the evaluation of the second programme lasted three years.
The studies were notable not only for their duration, but also for their use of randomisation and control groups to tease out true effects of the programmes.
“Few evaluations of cash transfer programmes can make such strong causal claims with as much certainty as these two evaluations,” said David Seidenfeld, AIR’s senior director of international research and evaluation, who was lead author on the study.

“Another lesson is that the unconditional nature of the grants gave participants the flexibility to use the money to combat principal life challenges,” said Unicef’s Zambia representative Hamid El-Bashir Ibrahim.
“For example, the [child grant programme] significantly affected many indicators commonly associated with resiliency, the ability to manage and withstand shocks.
“Households with transfers significantly improved housing quality and tools, livestock procurement and opportunities to diversify income-generating activities so they could better withstand emergencies.”
“The overall results demonstrate unequivocally that common perceptions about cash transfers – that they are handouts and cause dependency, or lead to alcohol and tobacco consumption, or increases in pregnancy – are not true in Zambia,” Seidenfeld added.
“Quite the contrary. Due to the unconditional nature of the grants, households had the flexibility needed to meet their most pressing challenges head on.”
The findings are likely to be studied closely as African nations increasingly embrace social grants to combat the cycle of poverty, AIR said.
It noted that South Africa’s programme was the largest, with roughly 16.1 million people or about a third of its population receiving some type of social grant.
– African News Agency (ANA)
http://www.air.org/resource/zambias-child-grant-program-48-month-impact-reporthttp://www.air.org/resource/zambia-s-multiple-category-targeting-grant-36-month-impact-report
